Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: VPS13C/PARK23 initiates lipid transfer and membrane remodeling for efficient lysosomal repair

doi: 10.1101/2025.10.23.684214

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) U2OS wildtype (WT), VPS13C-KO1, VPS13C-KO2 or PI4K2A-KO cells were fed 3 μm polystyrene microbeads, treated with LLOMe (1 mM, 10 min) as indicated, immunostained for LAMP1 ( red ) and VAPA ( green ), and imaged by DeltaVision microscopy. Scale bar, 10 µm. ( b ) Time-lapse images of U2OS wildtype (WT), VPS13C-KO1, VPS13C-KO2 or PI4K2A-KO cells containing 3 µm pHrodo-labeled microbeads ( magenta ), expressing GFP-tagged OSBP ( green ) and treated with 1 mM LLOMe for the indicated time. Cells were imaged by spinning disk microscopy. Scale bar, 10 µm. ( c ) Time-lapse images of U2OS wildtype (WT), VPS13C-KO1 or PI4K2A-KO cells containing 3 µm pHrodo-labeled microbeads ( magenta ), expressing GFP-tagged PI4P sensor P4MX1 ( green ) and treated with 1 mM LLOMe for the indicated time. Cells were imaged by spinning disk microscopy. Scale bar, 10 µm. ( d ) Phase contrast (Phaco) and fluorescence images of polystyrene microbead-containing untreated or LLOMe-treated (1 mM, 10 min) U2OS wildtype (WT), VPS13C-KO1 or PI4K2A-KO cells immunostained for OSBP ( magenta ) and ALIX ( green ) or ORP9 ( magenta ) and hIST1 ( green ) and counterstained with DAPI ( blue ). Cells were imaged by spinning disk microscopy. Scale bar, 10 µm. ( e ) Percentage of microbead-containing lysosomes with positive immunostaining for OSBP or ORP9 in cells treated as in (d). Data are means ± SD of three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: The expression construct encoding eGFP-tagged P4Mx1 (Addgene, 108121) was described in Zewe et al. .

Techniques: Microscopy, Labeling, Expressing, Fluorescence, Immunostaining

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Neuronal ER–plasma membrane junctions organized by Kv2–VAP pairing recruit Nir proteins and affect phosphoinositide homeostasis

doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA119.007635

Figure Lengend Snippet: Acute muscarinic stimulation induces a recoverable loss of PtdIns(4,5)P2 from the PM, and Nir2 recruitment to ER–PM junctions, in HEK293T cells expressing the M1 receptor. A, confocal optical section taken through the center of a single resting HEK293T cell cotransfected with YFP–M1R (shown in A) and mCherry–PHPLCδ (measured in B and shown in C). Note the efficient expression of YFP–M1R at the PM. The scale bar is 5 μm. B, time course of cytoplasmic mCherry–PHPLCδ intensity values, measured from the cell shown in A and C, prior to and during acute (40 s) stimulation (indicated by gray bar) with 10 μm OxoM and following washout. C, kymograph of PM and cytoplasmic mCherry–PHPLCδ expression taken from the same cell as in A and B. Note the loss of PM mCherry–PHPLCδ during 10 μm OxoM stimulation, and the recovery of PM mCherry–PHPLCδ following washout. Representative confocal optical sections of mCherry–PHPLCδ, taken through the center of the cell during rest, stimulation, and washout, are shown below the kymograph. The scale bar is 5 μm. Selection for kymograph is indicated by a red dashed line in these images. D, representative TIRF images of a pair of HEK293T cells cotransfected with GFP–VAPA (not shown), YFP–M1R (not shown), mCherry–Nir2 (magenta), and BFP–SEC61β (green) before (left) and after (right) acute stimulation with 10 μm OxoM. Merged image is shown at bottom. The scale bar in the large image is 10 μm. The PCC (mean ± S.D.) between mCherry–Nir2 and BFP–SEC61β following muscarinic stimulation is reported in the right merged image (n = 4 cells). E, line-scan analyses of mCherry–Nir2 (magenta) and BFP–SEC61β (green) intensity, following stimulation with 10 μm OxoM, from region indicated in the right merged image of D.

Article Snippet: The following investigators were generous in providing the following gifts: Kv2.1 P404W, Dr. Jon Sack (University of California, Davis); YFP-tagged M1R (YFP-M1R), Dr. Bertil Hille (University of Washington); mCherry-tagged PH PLCδ (mCherry–PH PLCδ ), Dr. Tamas Balla (National Institutes of Health); CFP-tagged CB5-FKBP (CFP-CB5-FKBP), Dr. Takanari Inoue (Johns Hopkins University); lyn11–FRB, Dr. Tobias Meyer (Stanford University); and mCherry-tagged Nir2, Dr. Jen Liou (University of Texas Southwestern); GFP-tagged VAPA (GFP–VAPA, Addgene plasmid no. 18874), Dr. Axel Brunger (Stanford University); DsRed2-tagged ER5 (DsRed2–ER5, Addgene plasmid no. 55836), Dr. Michael Davidson (Florida State University); mCherry-tagged P4Mx1 (mCherry-P4Mx1, Addgene plasmid no. 108143), Dr. Gerry Hammond (Pittsburgh University).

Techniques: Expressing, Selection

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Neuronal ER–plasma membrane junctions organized by Kv2–VAP pairing recruit Nir proteins and affect phosphoinositide homeostasis

doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA119.007635

Figure Lengend Snippet: Muscarinic stimulation triggers Nir2 recruitment to Kv2.1/VAP-mediated ER–PM junctions. A, TIRF image of a HEK293T cell cotransfected with YFP–M1R (not shown), GFP–VAPA (not shown), and mCherry–Nir2 (shown in inverted contrast) stimulated with 10 μm OxoM. The scale bar is 5 μm and holds for B. B, TIRF images of a resting HEK293T cell cotransfected with YFP–M1R (not shown), GFP–VAPA (not shown), mCherry–Nir2 (magenta), and CFP–Kv2.1 (green). Pixel overlap analysis of CFP–Kv2.1 and mCherry–Nir2 is shown to the right of the merged image. Note the robust colocalization of mCherry–Nir2 with CFP–Kv2.1. C, TIRF images of another resting HEK293T cell cotransfected with YFP–M1R (not shown), GFP–VAPA (not shown), mCherry–Nir2 (magenta), and CFP–Kv2.1 (green) prior to acute stimulation with 10 μm OxoM. The scale bar is 5 μm and holds for D. Line scan analysis of mCherry–Nir2 and CFP–Kv2.1 intensity, from selection indicated in merged image, is shown to right of merged image. D, TIRF images of same cell shown in C following acute stimulation with 10 μm OxoM. Line scan analysis of mCherry–Nir2 and CFP–Kv2.1 intensity, from selection indicated in merged image, shown to right of merged image. Note the overlap of Kv2.1 and Nir2 intensity profiles following stimulation with OxoM. E, summary graph of mean Nir2 puncta sizes, measured from 10 μm OxoM-stimulated HEK293T cells expressing mCherry–Nir2, GFP–VAPA, YFP–M1R (control), or coexpressing CFP–Kv2.1 (+Kv2.1). Bars are mean ± S.D. (****, p value = 6.87 × 10−7, n = 15–16 cells, two-tailed unpaired t test). F, cumulative frequency distributions of Nir2 puncta sizes measured from cells summarized in E.

Article Snippet: The following investigators were generous in providing the following gifts: Kv2.1 P404W, Dr. Jon Sack (University of California, Davis); YFP-tagged M1R (YFP-M1R), Dr. Bertil Hille (University of Washington); mCherry-tagged PH PLCδ (mCherry–PH PLCδ ), Dr. Tamas Balla (National Institutes of Health); CFP-tagged CB5-FKBP (CFP-CB5-FKBP), Dr. Takanari Inoue (Johns Hopkins University); lyn11–FRB, Dr. Tobias Meyer (Stanford University); and mCherry-tagged Nir2, Dr. Jen Liou (University of Texas Southwestern); GFP-tagged VAPA (GFP–VAPA, Addgene plasmid no. 18874), Dr. Axel Brunger (Stanford University); DsRed2-tagged ER5 (DsRed2–ER5, Addgene plasmid no. 55836), Dr. Michael Davidson (Florida State University); mCherry-tagged P4Mx1 (mCherry-P4Mx1, Addgene plasmid no. 108143), Dr. Gerry Hammond (Pittsburgh University).

Techniques: Selection, Expressing, Two Tailed Test

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Neuronal ER–plasma membrane junctions organized by Kv2–VAP pairing recruit Nir proteins and affect phosphoinositide homeostasis

doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA119.007635

Figure Lengend Snippet: Conducting and nonconducting cell surface Kv2.1 colocalizes with Nir2 in resting HEK293T cells. A, TIRF images of a HEK293T cell cotransfected with CFP–Kv2.1 (surface labeled with GxTX-633, green), GFP–VAPA (not shown), YFP–M1R (not shown), and mCherry–Nir2 (magenta). The scale bar is 10 μm and holds for all images. B, TIRF image of another HEK293T cell cotransfected with Kv2.1 P404W (surface-labeled with GxTX-633, green) GFP–VAPA (not shown), YFP–M1R (not shown), and mCherry–Nir2 (magenta). C and D, line-scan analyses of GxTX-633 surface labeling and mCherry–Nir2 intensity from selections indicated in merged images of A and B, respectively.

Article Snippet: The following investigators were generous in providing the following gifts: Kv2.1 P404W, Dr. Jon Sack (University of California, Davis); YFP-tagged M1R (YFP-M1R), Dr. Bertil Hille (University of Washington); mCherry-tagged PH PLCδ (mCherry–PH PLCδ ), Dr. Tamas Balla (National Institutes of Health); CFP-tagged CB5-FKBP (CFP-CB5-FKBP), Dr. Takanari Inoue (Johns Hopkins University); lyn11–FRB, Dr. Tobias Meyer (Stanford University); and mCherry-tagged Nir2, Dr. Jen Liou (University of Texas Southwestern); GFP-tagged VAPA (GFP–VAPA, Addgene plasmid no. 18874), Dr. Axel Brunger (Stanford University); DsRed2-tagged ER5 (DsRed2–ER5, Addgene plasmid no. 55836), Dr. Michael Davidson (Florida State University); mCherry-tagged P4Mx1 (mCherry-P4Mx1, Addgene plasmid no. 108143), Dr. Gerry Hammond (Pittsburgh University).

Techniques: Labeling

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Neuronal ER–plasma membrane junctions organized by Kv2–VAP pairing recruit Nir proteins and affect phosphoinositide homeostasis

doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA119.007635

Figure Lengend Snippet: VAP coexpression triggers Nir2 recruitment to ER–PM junctions mediated by Kv2.1 in live cultured rat hippocampal neurons. A, SDC optical sections taken at the basal surface of a cultured rat hippocampal neuron transfected with mCherry–Nir2. The scale bar is 5 μm and holds for all images. B, SDC optical sections taken at the basal surface of a cultured rat hippocampal neuron cotransfected with mCherry–Nir2 (red) and GFP–VAPA (green). Note the robust colocalization of GFP–VAPA with mCherry–Nir2. Line scan analysis of mCherry–Nir2 and GFP–VAPA intensity from selection indicated in merged image of B is shown to the right of B. C, SDC optical sections taken at the basal surface of a cultured rat hippocampal neuron cotransfected with mCherry–Nir2 (red) and CFP–Kv2.1 (blue). Note the lack of minimal colocalization of mCherry–Nir2 with CFP–Kv2.1. Line scan analysis of mCherry–Nir2 and CFP–Kv2.1 intensity from selection indicated in merged image of C is shown to the right of C. D, SDC optical sections taken at the basal surface of a cultured rat hippocampal neuron cotransfected with mCherry–Nir2 (red), GFP–VAPA (green), and CFP–Kv2.1 (blue). Note the robust colocalization of mCherry–Nir2 with GFP–VAPA and CFP–Kv2.1. Line scan analysis of mCherry–Nir2, GFP–VAPA, and CFP–Kv2.1 intensity from selection indicated in merged image of D is shown to the right of D. E, enlarged images of mCherry–Nir2 (red), GFP–VAPA (green), and CFP–Kv2.1 (blue) from selection indicated in merged image of D. F, summary graph of Pearson's correlation coefficient values between mCherry–Nir2 and GFP–VAPA or CFP–Kv2.1, measured from cultured rat hippocampal neurons transfected with mCherry–Nir2 and CFP–Kv2.1 (circles) or mCherry–Nir2, CFP–Kv2.1, and GFP–VAPA (triangles). Bars are mean ± S.D. (VAPA: ****, p value = 0.0001, n = 16 cells; Kv2.1: ****, p value = 0.0001, n = 17 cells; ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test).

Article Snippet: The following investigators were generous in providing the following gifts: Kv2.1 P404W, Dr. Jon Sack (University of California, Davis); YFP-tagged M1R (YFP-M1R), Dr. Bertil Hille (University of Washington); mCherry-tagged PH PLCδ (mCherry–PH PLCδ ), Dr. Tamas Balla (National Institutes of Health); CFP-tagged CB5-FKBP (CFP-CB5-FKBP), Dr. Takanari Inoue (Johns Hopkins University); lyn11–FRB, Dr. Tobias Meyer (Stanford University); and mCherry-tagged Nir2, Dr. Jen Liou (University of Texas Southwestern); GFP-tagged VAPA (GFP–VAPA, Addgene plasmid no. 18874), Dr. Axel Brunger (Stanford University); DsRed2-tagged ER5 (DsRed2–ER5, Addgene plasmid no. 55836), Dr. Michael Davidson (Florida State University); mCherry-tagged P4Mx1 (mCherry-P4Mx1, Addgene plasmid no. 108143), Dr. Gerry Hammond (Pittsburgh University).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Transfection, Selection

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Neuronal ER–plasma membrane junctions organized by Kv2–VAP pairing recruit Nir proteins and affect phosphoinositide homeostasis

doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA119.007635

Figure Lengend Snippet: Nir2 is preferentially recruited to ER–PM junctions enhanced by Kv2.1 expression, relative to those formed via a rapamycin-mediated heterodimerization strategy. A, SDC optical sections taken through the center of a HEK293T cell cotransfected with GFP–VAPA (green) and DsRed2–ER5 (red). The scale bar is 5 μm and holds for all images in A–C. Note the broad distribution of VAPA throughout bulk ER. B, confocal optical sections taken through the center of a HEK293T cell cotransfected with CFP–CB5–FKBP (blue), lyn11–FRB (not shown), GFP–VAPA (green), and DsRed2–ER5 (red) and treated with 5 μm rapamycin. Note the broad distribution of VAPA throughout bulk ER, and the lack of an enrichment of VAPA at ER–PM junctions induced by CFP–CB5–FKBP/lyn11–FRB heterodimerization. C, confocal optical sections taken through the center of a HEK293T cell cotransfected with CFP–Kv2.1 (blue), GFP–VAPA (green), and DsRed2–ER5 (red). Note the reduction of VAPA in bulk ER and the enrichment of GFP–VAPA at ER–PM junctions induced by CFP–Kv2.1 expression. D, summary graph of peripheral VAPA intensity measured from HEK293T cells cotransfected with GFP–VAPA and CFP–Kv2.1 or CFP–CB5–FKBP/lyn11–FRB and treated with 5 μm rapamycin (****, p value = 3.58 × 10−13, n = 27–31 cells, two-tailed unpaired t test). E and F, TIRF image of a HEK293T cell cotransfected with DsRed–Kv2.1 (green), CFP–CB5–FKBP (magenta), and lyn11–FRB (not shown) following 5 μm rapamycin treatment (E) and following 10 μm latrunculin A treatment (F). The scale bar is 10 μm and holds for E and F. G, summary graph of PCC measurements between DsRed–Kv2.1 and CFP–CB5–FKBP measured from HEK293T cells cotransfected with DsRed–Kv2.1, CFP–CB5–FKBP, and lyn11–FRB and treated with 5 μm rapamycin and further treated with 10 μm latrunculin A (ns, p value = 0.8092, n = 15 cells, two-tailed unpaired t test). H and I, TIRF images of a HEK293T cell cotransfected with YFP–M1R (not shown), GFP–VAPA (not shown), mCherry–Nir2 (magenta), CFP–CB5–FKBP (green), and lyn11–FRB (not shown) and treated with 5 μm rapamycin, at rest (H) and following (I) acute stimulation with 10 μm OxoM. The scale bar is 5 μm and holds for all images in H and I. J, line scan analysis of CFP–CB5–FKBP and mCherry–Nir2 intensity from selection indicated in merged image of I. Note the interdigitation of CFP–CB5–FKBP and mCherry–Nir2 intensity profiles. K, summary graph of PCC values between mCherry–Nir2 and CFP–Kv2.1 or CFP–CB5–FKBP measured from HEK293T cells cotransfected with mCherry–Nir2, GFP–VAPA, YFP–M1R, and CFP–Kv2.1 or CFP–CB5–FKBP/lyn11–FRB and treated with 10 μm OxoM (****, p value = 4.856 × 10−8, n = 17–18 cells, two-tailed unpaired t test).

Article Snippet: The following investigators were generous in providing the following gifts: Kv2.1 P404W, Dr. Jon Sack (University of California, Davis); YFP-tagged M1R (YFP-M1R), Dr. Bertil Hille (University of Washington); mCherry-tagged PH PLCδ (mCherry–PH PLCδ ), Dr. Tamas Balla (National Institutes of Health); CFP-tagged CB5-FKBP (CFP-CB5-FKBP), Dr. Takanari Inoue (Johns Hopkins University); lyn11–FRB, Dr. Tobias Meyer (Stanford University); and mCherry-tagged Nir2, Dr. Jen Liou (University of Texas Southwestern); GFP-tagged VAPA (GFP–VAPA, Addgene plasmid no. 18874), Dr. Axel Brunger (Stanford University); DsRed2-tagged ER5 (DsRed2–ER5, Addgene plasmid no. 55836), Dr. Michael Davidson (Florida State University); mCherry-tagged P4Mx1 (mCherry-P4Mx1, Addgene plasmid no. 108143), Dr. Gerry Hammond (Pittsburgh University).

Techniques: Expressing, Two Tailed Test, Selection

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Neuronal ER–plasma membrane junctions organized by Kv2–VAP pairing recruit Nir proteins and affect phosphoinositide homeostasis

doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA119.007635

Figure Lengend Snippet: Exogenously expressed Kv2.1, VAPA, and Nir2 display comparable turnover rates at ER–PM junctions when coexpressed in HEK293T cells. A, confocal optical section of CFP–Kv2.1 expression taken from the basal surface of a resting HEK293T cell cotransfected with CFP–Kv2.1, GFP–VAPA (not shown), YFP–M1R (not shown), and mCherry–Nir2 (not shown) at rest (left), following photobleaching of area indicated by red circle (middle) and following recovery (right). The scale bar is 2.5 μm and holds for all images. B, confocal optical section of mCherry–Nir2 expression taken from the basal surface of a resting HEK293T cell cotransfected with CFP–Kv2.1 (not shown), GFP–VAPA (not shown), YFP–M1R (not shown), and mCherry–Nir2 at rest (left), following photobleaching of area indicated by red circle (middle) and following recovery (right). C, confocal optical section of GFP–VAPA expression taken from the basal surface of a resting HEK293T cell cotransfected with CFP–Kv2.1 (not shown), GFP–VAPA, and mCherry–Nir2 (not shown) at rest (left), following photobleaching of area indicated by red circle (middle), and following recovery (right). D, summary graph of t½ values of CFP–Kv2.1, mCherry–Nir2, and GFP–VAPA measured from FRAP experiments presented in A–C. Bars are mean ± S.D. Note the lack of a significant difference between t½ values of CFP–Kv2.1, GFP–VAPA, and mCherry–Nir2. (p value = 0.0923, n = 18–20 cells; ordinary one-way ANOVA).

Article Snippet: The following investigators were generous in providing the following gifts: Kv2.1 P404W, Dr. Jon Sack (University of California, Davis); YFP-tagged M1R (YFP-M1R), Dr. Bertil Hille (University of Washington); mCherry-tagged PH PLCδ (mCherry–PH PLCδ ), Dr. Tamas Balla (National Institutes of Health); CFP-tagged CB5-FKBP (CFP-CB5-FKBP), Dr. Takanari Inoue (Johns Hopkins University); lyn11–FRB, Dr. Tobias Meyer (Stanford University); and mCherry-tagged Nir2, Dr. Jen Liou (University of Texas Southwestern); GFP-tagged VAPA (GFP–VAPA, Addgene plasmid no. 18874), Dr. Axel Brunger (Stanford University); DsRed2-tagged ER5 (DsRed2–ER5, Addgene plasmid no. 55836), Dr. Michael Davidson (Florida State University); mCherry-tagged P4Mx1 (mCherry-P4Mx1, Addgene plasmid no. 108143), Dr. Gerry Hammond (Pittsburgh University).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Neuronal ER–plasma membrane junctions organized by Kv2–VAP pairing recruit Nir proteins and affect phosphoinositide homeostasis

doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA119.007635

Figure Lengend Snippet: Kv2.1 expression alters the kinetics of PtdIns(4,5)P2 recovery, following repetitive muscarinic stimulation, but does not alter the steady-state distributions of PtdIns(4,5)P2 or PtdIns(4)P. A, TIRF image of a resting HEK293T cell cotransfected with mCherry–PHPLCδ (red, shown left) and BFP–SEC61β (blue, shown right). Line scan analysis of selection indicated in merged image of A shown to right of A. The scale bar is 5 μm and holds for A and B. B, TIRF image of a resting HEK293T cell cotransfected with mCherry–PHPLCδ (red, shown left), GFP–Kv2.1 (shown middle), and BFP–SEC61β (middle right). Line scan analysis of selection indicated in merged image of B shown to right of B. C, SDC optical section taken through the center of a resting HEK293T cell transfected with mCherry–PHPLCδ alone (shown left). The scale bar is 5 μm and holds for C and D. D, SDC optical sections taken through the center of a resting HEK293T cell cotransfected with mCherry–PHPLCδ (red, shown left) and CFP–Kv2.1 (green, center). E, summary graph of the ratio of PM to cytoplasmic mCherry–PHPLCδ intensity values measured from HEK293T cells transfected with mCherry–PHPLCδ alone (control) or cotransfected with CFP–Kv2.1 (Kv2.1). ns, p value = 0.8654, n = 31 cells; two-tailed unpaired t test. F, summary graph of the ratio of PM (TIRF) to cytoplasmic (SDC) mCherry–P4Mx1 intensity values measured from HEK293T cells transfected with mCherry–P4Mx1 alone (control) or cotransfected with CFP–Kv2.1 (Kv2.1). (ns, p value = 0.1097, n = 25–31 cells; two-tailed unpaired t test). G, time course of cytoplasmic mCherry–PHPLCδ intensity values, measured from cells transfected with YFP–M1R and mCherry–PHPLCδ (control, black trace) or cotransfected with CFP–Kv2.1 (+Kv2.1, red trace) during two acute (40 s, indicated by gray bars) stimulations with 0.5 μm OxoM. Bars are mean ± S.D. Note that following the initial stimulation at 100 s, time points ranging from 110 to 165 s and 390 to 445 s are significantly different (0.0004186 ≤ p value ≤0.047207, n = 20 cells; two-tailed unpaired t test).

Article Snippet: The following investigators were generous in providing the following gifts: Kv2.1 P404W, Dr. Jon Sack (University of California, Davis); YFP-tagged M1R (YFP-M1R), Dr. Bertil Hille (University of Washington); mCherry-tagged PH PLCδ (mCherry–PH PLCδ ), Dr. Tamas Balla (National Institutes of Health); CFP-tagged CB5-FKBP (CFP-CB5-FKBP), Dr. Takanari Inoue (Johns Hopkins University); lyn11–FRB, Dr. Tobias Meyer (Stanford University); and mCherry-tagged Nir2, Dr. Jen Liou (University of Texas Southwestern); GFP-tagged VAPA (GFP–VAPA, Addgene plasmid no. 18874), Dr. Axel Brunger (Stanford University); DsRed2-tagged ER5 (DsRed2–ER5, Addgene plasmid no. 55836), Dr. Michael Davidson (Florida State University); mCherry-tagged P4Mx1 (mCherry-P4Mx1, Addgene plasmid no. 108143), Dr. Gerry Hammond (Pittsburgh University).

Techniques: Expressing, Selection, Transfection, Two Tailed Test